Answer:
The second and third generations of computers represent distinct phases in the history of computing technology. Here are four key differences between the two generations:
Transistor vs. Integrated Circuit (IC):
Second Generation: Computers in the second generation used transistors as their primary electronic components. Transistors were smaller and more reliable than the vacuum tubes used in the first generation.
Third Generation: Third-generation computers introduced the use of integrated circuits (ICs). ICs combined multiple transistors and other electronic components on a single semiconductor chip, making them more compact, efficient, and powerful.
Speed and Performance:
Second Generation: Second-generation computers were faster and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors due to the use of transistors. They could perform calculations at a significantly higher speed.
Third Generation: With the introduction of integrated circuits, third-generation computers saw a further leap in speed and performance. The smaller size and increased integration of components led to even greater computational power.
Size and Portability:
Second Generation: Computers in the second generation were generally smaller and more compact than first-generation computers, but they were still relatively large and required dedicated rooms or spaces for operation.
Third Generation: Third-generation computers marked a significant reduction in size and an increase in portability. The use of integrated circuits allowed for smaller and more efficient computer designs, making them more accessible for various applications.
Programming Languages and Software:
Second Generation: Second-generation computers were primarily programmed using assembly languages, which were closer to machine code. The software was less user-friendly and required a deeper understanding of the hardware.
Third Generation: The third generation saw the development of high-level programming languages like COBOL and FORTRAN, which made it easier for programmers to write software. This increased the accessibility and usability of computers for a broader range of applications.