Question

Which of the following rules requires that each of the p orbitals at a particular energy level receive one electron before any of them can have two electrons? a) Aufbau principle b) Pauli exclusion principle c) Hund's rule d) Heisenberg uncertainty principle

Answer 1

Hund's Rule is the rule that requires orbitals at the same energy level (like p orbitals) to each have one electron before any can have two. It's one of the key rules, along with the Aufbau Principle and the Pauli Exclusion Principle, for determining the electron configurations of atoms.

Step-by-step explanation:

The rule that requires each of the p orbitals at a particular energy level to receive one electron before any of them can have two electrons is known as Hund's Rule. According to this rule, electrons occupy degenerate orbitals (orbitals in the same subshell) by singly filling each orbital before any orbital gets a second electron. They do this to minimize electron repulsion and maintain lower energy states. Additionally, Hund's rule states that these single electrons in a given subshell will have parallel spins to further stabilize the electron arrangement within the atom. Other rules in determining electron configuration include the Aufbau Principle, which dictates that electrons fill lower-energy orbitals first, and the Pauli Exclusion Principle, which states that no two electrons can have the same set of four quantum numbers, effectively meaning that an orbital can hold only two electrons with opposite spins.

Answer 2

Hund's Rule dictates that p orbitals at the same energy level must be singly occupied before any are doubly occupied, ensuring electrons have parallel spins for stability.

Step-by-step explanation:

The rule that requires each of the p orbitals at a particular energy level to receive one electron before any of them can have two electrons is Hund's Rule. According to Hund's Rule, electrons occupy degenerate orbitals, such as the p orbitals within the same shell and subshell, by singly occupying each empty orbital before any orbital receives a second electron. Additionally, the most stable configuration is attained when the spins of the single electrons are parallel, meaning they all have the same spin orientation. This rule minimizes the repulsive forces between electrons when they are placed in a sublevel with multiple orbitals.