Final answer:
The most common signs of a medication allergy, such as to penicillin, are rash, itching, and hives.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Practical Nurse (PN) should identify a reaction to the medication (penicillin) through various side effects, the most significant of which include rash, itching, and hives. However, in severe cases, an allergic reaction can lead to anaphylactic shock, characterized by a sharp drop in blood pressure and bronchial contractions. Protective measures include observing patients for 30 minutes post-administration and being prepared with epinephrine.These symptoms are indicative of Allergic Reactions as they trigger a type I hypersensitivity response in the body. This is identified through a skin test where allergens, in this case, penicillin, are injected into the skin. A positive response is a soft, pale swelling at the site surrounded by a red zone known as the wheal and flare response, usually occurring within 30 minutes.
In worst-case scenarios, the response can be severe, causing anaphylactic shock. This is a serious allergic reaction that can potentially be fatal within 20 to 30 minutes if untreated. It is characterized by a sharp drop in blood pressure and contractions in bronchial smooth muscle. These symptoms occur due to systemic mast cell degranulation when the allergen (penicillin) is injected. The use of epinephrine can counteract the effects of anaphylaxis by raising blood pressure and relaxing bronchial smooth muscles.
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