Answer:
During the period between the 12th and 15th centuries in the Americas, the presence of abundant natural resources and the rise of powerful centralized governments had a significant impact on the economics and politics of American states. One can argue that while there were both changes and continuities, the overarching theme was one of significant change, particularly in the areas of economics and politics.
**Continuity in Economics:**
One element of continuity during this period was the fundamental importance of natural resources in shaping the economies of American states. These resources included minerals, agricultural products, and timber, which were essential for both subsistence and trade. The utilization of these resources remained a constant feature, as American societies continued to rely on them for sustenance and commerce. Moreover, trade networks with other states and regions persisted, with various states engaging in long-distance trade that included valuable goods like gold, silver, and textiles.
**Change in Economics:**
However, the economic landscape witnessed significant changes over time. The scale of resource extraction and agricultural production expanded due to technological advancements and the emergence of centralized governments that could coordinate large-scale endeavors. As states developed more efficient agricultural practices and advanced mining and metallurgy techniques, they were able to extract and produce resources on a grander scale than before. Furthermore, increased contact with the Old World via European exploration and colonization brought about substantial changes in trade, including the exchange of new crops and livestock, creating a "Columbian Exchange."
**Continuity in Politics:**
In terms of politics, the existence of powerful centralized governments was a point of continuity and change. Before the arrival of Europeans, many American states had well-established political systems, which could be authoritarian or decentralized, depending on the region. The rise of powerful centralized governments, particularly in empires like the Inca and Aztec, marked a significant transformation. However, it's important to note that these empires were not unique in their quest for centralization; many American states were in the process of political consolidation. These empires exhibited continuity by adapting and assimilating local cultures and traditions into their rule, rather than imposing uniform governance.
**Change in Politics:**
The European arrival had the most substantial impact on politics. The introduction of colonial rule and European institutions dramatically altered the political landscape of American states. European powers established colonial governments and hierarchies, imposing new forms of authority and governance. These changes had profound and lasting effects on the political structures of American states, disrupting the continuity of pre-existing political systems.
In summary, the period from the 12th to the 15th centuries in the Americas witnessed both continuity and change in economics and politics. The continuity was evident in the continued importance of natural resources and some aspects of pre-existing political structures. However, change was more pronounced with the expansion of resource extraction, agricultural practices, and trade networks, as well as the transformative impact of European colonization on the political systems of American states. These changes were a direct result of the abundant natural resources and the rise of powerful centralized governments, which fundamentally altered the course of history in the Americas.