Final answer:
During the Jim Crow era, Southern states used literacy tests, poll taxes, and White-only primaries as methods to deny African Americans their voting rights as part of Jim Crow laws.
Step-by-step explanation:
During the Jim Crow era, Southern states used several methods to deny African Americans their voting rights. Despite federal constitutional amendments guaranteeing these rights, many states found ways to undermine them. The primary methods included literacy tests, poll taxes, and White-only primaries. Literacy tests required prospective voters to read a passage and answer questions about it, discriminating against those who had been denied equal access to education. Poll taxes were annual fees people had to pay before voting, which disproportionately affected poorer African Americans. White-only primaries ensured only white people could participate in the preliminary selection of candidates, effectively barring African Americans from the political process. These tactics were part of the myriad Jim Crow laws that promoted racial segregation and institutional racism.
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