Question

Mutations can be categorized in many different ways. In this question, you will be depicting a mutation at the DNA level. The scale you choose (how ‘zoomed in’ or ‘zoomed out’) will depend on which mutation you choose to create. a. Below, create a double strand of DNA. b. Below your original strand in ‘a’ draw a mutated version (however you want) c. Explain what this mutation is at the levels of scale/location. d. Illustrate and describe how your DNA mutation changes transcription. e. Illustrate and describe how your DNA mutation changes translation. f. Explain the effects this mutation has on the resulting protein sequence a.) What is the term for this type of result? g. Explain the effects this mutation has on the resulting protein function. a.) What is the term for this type of result?

Answer 1

Mutations at the DNA level can be categorized into different types including substitutions, deletions, insertions, translocations, and trinucleotide repeat expansions. These mutations can impact transcription and translation processes, potentially leading to changes in the resulting protein sequence and function. The term for a change in the protein sequence is 'amino acid substitution', and the term for a change in the protein function is 'functional alteration.'

Step-by-step explanation:

Explanation of Mutation Types

A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence. Mutations at the DNA level can be categorized into different types including substitutions, deletions, insertions, translocations, and trinucleotide repeat expansions. Substitutions can be further classified into transitions and transversions based on the type of base change. Insertions and deletions can result in a frameshift mutation, which alters the translational reading frame.

Effects on Transcription and Translation

A DNA mutation can impact transcription and translation processes. During transcription, the mutated DNA sequence is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA). If there is a substitution, the resulting mRNA may code for a different amino acid (missense mutation) or the same amino acid (silent mutation). Deletions or insertions can cause a frameshift mutation, leading to a completely different amino acid sequence. During translation, the mRNA is used as a template to synthesize a protein. A mutation can alter the protein sequence, potentially affecting its structure and function.

Effects on Protein Sequence and Function

A DNA mutation can have various effects on the resulting protein sequence. Substitutions can lead to changes in one or a few amino acids. Deletions or insertions can cause a shift in the reading frame, resulting in a completely different protein sequence. Trinucleotide repeat expansions can increase the number of copies of a specific codon, leading to repeated regions in the amino acid sequence. These mutations can alter the protein's function, potentially rendering it nonfunctional or affecting its activity.

Terminology

The term for the result of a DNA mutation that leads to a change in the protein sequence is known as an 'amino acid substitution' or 'amino acid change.' The term for the result of a DNA mutation that affects the function of the protein is known as a 'functional alteration' or 'functional change.'

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