- Phosphate (PO4^3-) has a charge of 3-.
- Hydrogen phosphate (HPO4^2-) has a charge of 2-.
- Acetate (C2H3O2^-) is typically considered to have a charge of 1-.
- Sulfate (SO4^2-) has a charge of 2-.
- Hydroxide (OH^-) has a charge of 1-.
- Dichromate (Cr2O7^2-) has a charge of 2-.
1. **Phosphate (PO4^3-):**
- Phosphate consists of one phosphorus atom (P) and four oxygen atoms (O).
- The charge of oxygen ions (O) is typically 2-.
- So, the total charge contributed by the four oxygen ions is 4 × (-2) = -8.
- To find the charge on the phosphorus ion (P), we use the fact that the overall ion has a 3- charge.
- Let "x" be the charge on the phosphorus ion (P).
- The sum of the charges must equal -3 because the ion is PO4^3-.
- Equation: x + (-8) = -3
- Add 8 to both sides: x - 8 + 8 = -3 + 8
- x = 5
- So, the charge on the phosphorus ion (P) in phosphate (PO4^3-) is 5+.
2. **Hydrogen phosphate (HPO4^2-):**
- Hydrogen phosphate is derived from phosphate by adding a hydrogen ion (H+).
- We already determined that phosphate (PO4^3-) has a charge of 3-.
- When you add one hydrogen ion (H+) to it, it will reduce the overall charge by 1.
- So, the charge on hydrogen phosphate (HPO4^2-) is 3 - 1 = 2-.
3. **Acetate (C2H3O2^-):**
- Acetate consists of two carbon atoms (C), three hydrogen atoms (H), and two oxygen atoms (O).
- Carbon typically forms a 4- bond, and hydrogen is 1+.
- The two oxygen atoms typically have a combined charge of 2 × (-2) = -4.
- Let "x" be the charge on the acetate ion.
- Equation: 2(4-) + 3(1+) + 2x = ?
- 8- + 3+ + 2x = ?
- Sum of the charges = 8- + 3+ = 5-
- Equation: 5- + 2x = ?
- Subtract 5- from both sides: 5- - 5- + 2x = ? - 5-
- 2x = ?
- Dividing by 2: 2x/2 = ?/2
- x = ?/2
- So, the charge on the acetate ion (C2H3O2^-) is ?/2. This ion is typically considered as having a 1- charge.
4. **Sulfate (SO4^2-):**
- Sulfate consists of one sulfur atom (S) and four oxygen atoms (O).
- The charge of oxygen ions (O) is typically 2-.
- So, the total charge contributed by the four oxygen ions is 4 × (-2) = -8.
- To find the charge on the sulfur ion (S), we use the fact that the overall ion has a 2- charge.
- Let "x" be the charge on the sulfur ion (S).
- The sum of the charges must equal -2 because the ion is SO4^2-.
- Equation: x + (-8) = -2
- Add 8 to both sides: x - 8 + 8 = -2 + 8
- x = 6
- So, the charge on the sulfur ion (S) in sulfate (SO4^2-) is 6+.
5. **Hydroxide (OH^-):**
- Hydroxide consists of one oxygen atom (O) and one hydrogen atom (H).
- Oxygen typically has a 2- charge, and hydrogen is 1+.
- So, the charge on the hydroxide ion (OH^-) is 2- + 1+ = 1-.
6. **Dichromate (Cr2O7^2-):**
- Dichromate consists of two chromium atoms (Cr) and seven oxygen atoms (O).
- The charge of oxygen ions (O) is typically 2-.
- So, the total charge contributed by the seven oxygen ions is 7 × (-2) = -14.
- To find the charge on the chromium ion (Cr), we use the fact that the overall ion has a 2- charge.
- Let "x" be the charge on the chromium ion (Cr).
- The sum of the charges must equal -2 because the ion is Cr2O7^2-.
- Equation: 2x + (-14) = -2
- Add 14 to both sides: 2x - 14 + 14 = -2 + 14
- 2x = 12
- Dividing by 2: 2x/2 = 12/2
- x = 6
- So, the charge on the chromium ion (Cr) in dichromate (Cr2O7^2-) is 6