(4) this case established the principle of judicial review in the US, giving American courts the power to strike down laws and statutes that they determine violate the Constitution of the United States.
This is a tricky question though, because this case involves aspects of the other above mentioned answer options.
Thomas Jefferson’ defeat of John Adams in the 1800 presidential election. Before Jefferson took office in 1801, Adams and Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1801, which created new courts, added judges, and gave the president more control over the appointment of judges. The Act was basically an attempt by Adams to frustrate his successor since he used the act to appoint 16 new circuit judges and 42 new justices of the peace.
The Court found that Madison’s refusal to deliver the commission was illegal. Ultimately, in holding, Marshall established the principle of judicial review, i.e., the power to declare a law unconstitutional.