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Step-by-step explanation:
Johann Heinrich von Thünen's theory of agricultural land use for isolated states is based on the concept of concentric circles representing zones of agricultural activity and land value. The most valuable land is closest to the city center and is used for the production of high-value crops. Moving away from the city, the land becomes increasingly less valuable, and the agricultural activities shift from those of higher to lower value. Zone 1 (Image A) is closest to the city center, and it is used for the production of high-value crops such as vegetables, fruits, and flowers, which require intensive labor and need to be sold quickly. Zone 2 is used for field crops such as grains, which require less intensive labor and can be stored for longer periods. Zone 3 is used for animal husbandry and forage crops as well as lumber production. Zone 4 is the least valuable land, and it is used for forestry, hunting, and recreation.
Image B would apply to zone 3 of von Thünen's theory, as the image is of cows grazing in a grassy field surrounded by trees.
Zone 1 and zone 3 differ in the types of agricultural activities they host. Zone 1 is used for the production of high-value crops such as vegetables, fruits, and flowers, while zone 3 is used for animal husbandry and forage crops as well as lumber production.
One factor related to modern agriculture that invalidates von Thünen's theory is the introduction of industrial farming. Industrial farming is a type of agricultural system that uses large amounts of synthetic inputs, such as pesticides and fertilizers, to produce high yields of crops. This type of farming ignores the concentric circle system of von Thünen's theory and instead uses a more industrialized approach.
An example of a country or region that does not apply to the traditional model of von Thünen's theory is the United States. The U.S. has a wide variety of climates, soils, and landforms, which makes it difficult to apply the traditional model of von Thünen's theory.
Improved transportation impacts the validity of von Thünen's model by allowing for the quick transportation of goods over long distances. This means that farmers can produce crops for distant markets, which reduces the need for local production and invalidates the concentric circle model of the theory.
Von Thünen's model is not represented in contemporary countries because of the increased use of industrial farming, the wide variety of climates, soils, and landforms, and the improved transportation of goods. These factors have led to a decrease in locally produced crops and an increase in imported goods, which has made the traditional model of von Thünen's theory obsolete.