Throughout the course of Harper Lee's "To Kill a Mockingbird," Scout and Jem both learn important lessons about morality and the world around them. One of the most significant examples of this is the way that they learn about the importance of empathy and compassion, particularly through their interactions with Boo Radley. At the beginning of the novel, Scout and Jem are both scared of Boo, but as they learn more about him and his life, they begin to feel empathy for him and to see him as a human being rather than just a frightening "monster." This teaches them the value of putting themselves in other people's shoes and not judging them based on appearances alone.
Another important lesson that Scout and Jem learn is about the importance of standing up for what is right, even when it is difficult or unpopular. This is particularly evident in their father Atticus, who defends Tom Robinson despite the widespread racism and prejudice of the time. Through watching their father's actions, Scout and Jem learn that sometimes doing the right thing means going against the crowd and standing up for what is just and fair.
Finally, Scout and Jem also learn about the nature of innocence and guilt through their experiences with the mockingbird metaphor. The mockingbird is a symbol of innocence in the novel, and the children learn that it is wrong to harm or persecute those who have done nothing wrong. This lesson is particularly important in the context of Tom Robinson's trial, as the children learn that he is innocent and undeserving of the persecution he faces.
Overall, the moral education of Scout and Jem is an important theme of "To Kill a Mockingbird," and their experiences throughout the novel provide a powerful commentary on the importance of empathy, justice, and the nature of innocence.