Final answer:
The commercialization of agriculture in India created new jobs and technologies, led to wider income disparities, and spurred famines due to the focus on cash crops. Artisans faced unemployment as they could not compete with industrialized production. Healthcare and education services were underdeveloped, especially in poorer rural areas.
Step-by-step explanation:
The commercialization of agriculture had multiple impacts on India's economy. With improved efficiency in food production, not everyone had to work constantly in the fields, which led to the creation of new jobs and technologies. This played a role in the development of economies, as goods and services became more tradable. However, the focus on commercial crops led to a strain on the food supply and famines as food crops were replaced with cash crops.
The commercialization also impacted the social structure, leading to unemployment among artisans as their hand-made products could not compete with the mass-produced goods that followed the advent of new farming techniques. Income inequality widened as wealthy merchants and landowners benefited from the new economic opportunities, while small farmers often remained under a heavy tax burden or fell into debt due to high interest rates on loans and competing technological advances which dropped the prices of crops. As a result, the disparities between the urban and rural areas increased.
Moreover, the focus on commercial agriculture and industrial growth left essential services like healthcare and education underdeveloped, particularly in rural areas, further exacerbating inequalities. While in urban centers, India was able to expand its manufacturing and industries substantially, in the rural parts the situation for many remained dire with heavy dependence on agriculture.