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Step-by-step explanation:
The effects of machinery, irrigation, and chemicals required by new crop varieties on soil can be both positive and negative. Here are some of the effects:
Soil compaction: The use of heavy machinery can lead to soil compaction, which reduces the ability of the soil to absorb water and nutrients.
Soil erosion: The use of machinery and irrigation can cause soil erosion, which can lead to the loss of topsoil and nutrients.
Soil salinization: Overuse of irrigation water can lead to the buildup of salt in the soil, making it difficult for plants to grow.
Soil degradation: The excessive use of chemicals such as fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides can lead to soil degradation, reducing the soil's fertility and organic matter.
Soil contamination: The use of chemicals can also lead to soil contamination, affecting the quality of the soil and the plants grown in it.
However, there are also positive effects of modern farming practices on soil. For example, irrigation can help maintain moisture levels, leading to improved crop yields, while the use of machinery can help reduce labor costs and increase efficiency. Moreover, modern crop varieties often require less land to produce the same amount of food, which can help prevent soil erosion and habitat destruction. Proper management practices, such as crop rotation and the use of cover crops, can also help improve soil health and reduce the negative effects of modern farming practices.