Final answer:
Johannes Kepler's model of the solar system was heliocentric and characterized by his three laws of planetary motion, which introduced elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus, using mathematical formulas as the basis for understanding planetary movements.
Step-by-step explanation:
Johannes Kepler, a key figure in the scientific revolution, was best known for his improvement upon the heliocentric model of the solar system first proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus. Kepler's model, grounded in meticulous mathematical analyses of planetary motion, was detailed in his three laws of planetary motion. The first of Kepler's laws introduced the concept that planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus, which was a significant shift from the previous viewpoint that orbits were perfect circles. Kepler's work underpinned the shift from the Ptolemaic view, which had the Earth at the center of the universe, to the more accurate heliocentric model elucidated by Copernicus and further developed by Kepler and later Newton. Kepler's understanding that the physical world, including the heavens, could best be understood through mathematical formulas was revolutionary and set the stage for modern astronomy.