Answer: e. Abbasid
Explanation: The three early modern Islamic empires were the Mughal, the Safavid, and the Ottoman. There are some similarities between these three empires - they had a common heritage of Turko-Mongolian, the three dynasties were Islamic, the grants of land revenues were given to the military, and the entire economic system prevalent at that time was agrarian.
Despite all these similarities, there were some differences between the three empires - the Mughal, the Safavid, and the Ottoman. In each empire, political, economic, religious, and cultural conditions were all different.