Question

What is the metabolism during high intensity interval training? Describe the most important processes and name the regulatory enzyme. Describe the regulation of metabolism during exercise. What modification of enzyme activity is involved in this case - covalent or allosteric? Which metabolic products affect fatigue and how? Why are we tired in the sarcoplasmic reticulum after exercise?

Answer 1

During high-intensity interval training (HIIT), the body undergoes a number of metabolic processes to provide energy for the muscles. The most important processes are anaerobic glycolysis, which involves the breakdown of glucose to produce energy, and aerobic respiration, which involves the breakdown of glucose and fatty acids in the presence of oxygen.

The regulatory enzyme involved in metabolism during exercise is AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK helps to regulate energy balance in the cells by increasing glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation, while decreasing glucose production and lipid synthesis.

Metabolism during exercise is regulated through a combination of covalent and allosteric modifications of enzyme activity. Covalent modifications involve the phosphorylation of enzymes, which changes their activity. Allosteric modifications involve the binding of regulatory molecules to enzymes, which changes their conformation and activity.

During exercise, a number of metabolic products can affect fatigue, including lactic acid and hydrogen ions, which can disrupt the acid-base balance in the muscles and lead to fatigue. Another important factor is the depletion of glycogen stores, which can lead to a reduction in energy production.

In the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the accumulation of calcium ions can lead to fatigue after exercise. This is because the increased levels of calcium ions can disrupt the normal functioning of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which is responsible for regulating muscle contractions. The accumulation of calcium ions can also lead to the activation of proteolytic enzymes, which can break down proteins and contribute to muscle fatigue.

Step-by-step explanation:

Answer 2

During high-intensity interval training, the body's metabolism shifts to meet the increased energy demands of the workout. The most important metabolic processes during high-intensity interval training include:

1. Glycolysis: The breakdown of glucose to produce energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

2. Lipolysis: The breakdown of fats to release fatty acids into the bloodstream, which can then be used as fuel.

3. Oxidative phosphorylation: The production of ATP through the process of cellular respiration, in which glucose and fatty acids are oxidized to produce energy.

The regulatory enzyme involved in these metabolic processes is AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase), which increases in activity during exercise to stimulate the breakdown of glucose and fatty acids and the production of ATP.

The regulation of metabolism during exercise involves changes in enzyme activity, which can be either covalent or allosteric. In the case of high-intensity interval training, enzyme activity is increased through allosteric regulation, which involves the binding of regulatory molecules to the enzyme to alter its activity.

Metabolic products such as lactic acid and hydrogen ions can affect fatigue during high-intensity interval training. Lactic acid buildup in the muscles can cause fatigue and muscle pain, while the accumulation of hydrogen ions can disrupt muscle function and lead to fatigue.

We are tired in the sarcoplasmic reticulum after exercise because it has been depleted of its energy stores (ATP and glycogen) during the workout. Additionally, the increased levels of metabolic by-products such as lactic acid and hydrogen ions can cause fatigue and disrupt muscle function. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is responsible for storing and releasing calcium ions, which are necessary for muscle contraction. When it is depleted of energy, it can no longer perform this function effectively, leading to fatigue.