Answer:
The English tactic of keeping to windward was a naval strategy that was used during the age of sail, particularly in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. The tactic involved positioning a ship so that the wind was coming from behind, allowing the ship to maintain control and maneuverability while making it more difficult for enemy ships to attack.
The effect of this tactic was that the English ships were able to control the pace and direction of battles, and had a significant advantage over their opponents. By keeping to windward, the English ships were able to maintain their speed and direction, making it difficult for enemy ships to come alongside and engage in hand-to-hand combat. This allowed the English ships to control the range and timing of their cannon fire, and to engage their opponents from a position of strength.
Additionally, keeping to windward also allowed the English ships to conserve their resources, as they did not have to expend energy tacking against the wind. This made it easier for the English ships to outlast their opponents in long battles, and gave them a significant advantage in terms of tactics and endurance.
Overall, the English tactic of keeping to windward was a major factor in their naval dominance during the age of sail, and had a lasting impact on the development of naval tactics and strategy.