Answer:
1. To evaluate Ms. R's symptoms, laboratory tests that may be performed include complete blood count (CBC), liver function tests, kidney function tests, and a urinalysis. Non-laboratory tests that may be performed include a chest X-ray, electrocardiogram (ECG), and an abdominal ultrasound.
2. Questions that could be asked to evaluate possible causes of Ms. R's illness include:
-details about the symptoms (onset, duration, and severity)
-a review of her medical history and current medications
-family history of illnesses
-exposure to toxic substances
-recent travel history
-dietary habits
-habits such as alcohol and tobacco use.
3. Communicable diseases are illnesses caused by an infectious agent, such as a virus or bacterium, that can be transmitted from one person to another. Noncommunicable diseases are illnesses that are not caused by an infectious agent, such as heart disease, diabetes, or cancer.
4. To determine if Ms. R has an acute or chronic illness, her medical history and the pattern of her symptoms will be taken into consideration. Acute illnesses are usually sudden in onset and resolve within a short period of time, whereas chronic illnesses develop slowly and persist over a long period of time.
5. The chain of infection model outlines six key steps in the transmission of communicable diseases: the infectious agent, the reservoir, the portal of exit, the mode of transmission, the portal of entry, and the susceptible host. By understanding this model, it is possible to identify and intervene at various points to prevent the spread of the disease.
6. Noncommunicable diseases are a community and public health concern because they are a leading cause of death and disability worldwide and have a significant impact on both individual and community health. They are also a significant burden on healthcare systems.
7. Approaches for controlling communicable diseases in a community include:
-vaccination programs
-good hygiene practices
-controlling the spread of disease through infection control practices in healthcare settings
-prompt identification and treatment of infected individuals
-education about the transmission and prevention of communicable diseases.
Approaches for controlling noncommunicable diseases in a community include:
-promoting healthy lifestyle habits, such as healthy diet and physical activity
-early detection and management of risk factors through screening programs
-access to high-quality medical care and treatments
-education about the causes and risk factors for noncommunicable diseases
-community-based programs to promote health and prevent disease.