Answer:
"a church in our subdivision" - Prepositional phrase
"Cheng, a hot-tempered volleyball player" - Appositive phrase
"of building vocabulary" - Gerund phrase
"Randy eating the last slice of the leftover pizza" - Participial phrase
"Joey’s rudest habit" - Noun phrase
"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog." - Sentence
"Weather permitting" - Adverbial phrase
"I had a friend to study with me" - Infinitive phrase
"The visitors having left" - Participle phrase
"and I enjoyed watching Odette, the Swan Queen." - Coordinate Adjective phrase.