Answer:
1.
The main principle of socialism is the belief in collective ownership and control of the means of production and distribution of goods and services. This means that instead of private ownership and control of resources and industries, they are owned and controlled by the community or society as a whole. The goal of socialism is to create a more equal distribution of wealth and opportunities, and to eliminate poverty and social inequalities. Socialists argue that this can be achieved by reducing the power of capitalist corporations and the wealthy elite, and by increasing the power of workers and the general population to have a say in the decisions that affect their lives. Additionally, socialism also promotes social welfare, public services, and the protection of individual rights and freedoms.
2.
The main principle of communism is the belief in the establishment of a classless, stateless society in which the means of production and distribution of goods and services are owned and controlled by the community as a whole. The goal of communism is to create a society in which all individuals have equal access to the resources and opportunities they need to thrive, and in which social inequalities and poverty are eliminated.
Communists believe that this can be achieved through the abolition of private property, the elimination of social classes, and the establishment of a planned economy in which production and distribution are centrally controlled by the state. They also believe in the collective ownership of land, capital and other means of production. Additionally, communism also promotes the idea of a classless society where the state will wither away, and a classless and stateless society will be established.
3.
In capitalist political philosophy, socialism and communism are often criticized for several reasons:
Economic inefficiency: Critics argue that socialist and communist systems are inefficient because they lack the incentive structure of capitalist systems, which motivates individuals to work hard and innovate. They argue that this leads to a lack of economic growth and a lack of goods and services available to consumers.
Lack of individual freedom: Critics argue that socialist and communist systems erode individual freedoms by giving the state too much control over individuals' lives. They argue that this leads to a lack of personal autonomy and a lack of choice for individuals.
Incentive problem: Critics argue that socialist and communist systems discourage individuals from working hard and being productive because they don't receive the same economic rewards as in capitalist systems.
Bureaucratic inefficiency: Critics argue that socialist and communist systems are bureaucratic in nature, which leads to inefficiency and corruption. They argue that this is due to the lack of competition and the absence of a profit motive.
Inability to adapt: Critics argue that socialist and communist systems are inflexible and cannot adapt to changing economic conditions, which can lead to economic stagnation and decline.
It's worth noting that these critiques are based on the assumptions and criticisms of capitalist political philosophy, but it's important to keep in mind that different ideologies have different perspectives and critiques, therefore different outcomes and results.