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The Castillo de San Marcos, also known as Fort Saint Augustine, is a 17th-century Spanish fort located in St. Augustine, Florida. Drake's cannonballs were not able to damage the fort because it was built with a unique type of coquina stone, which is a sedimentary rock composed of shells and other marine debris. Coquina is soft when quarried but hardens over time, making it a very effective material for fortifications. It has the ability to absorb the impact of cannonballs, preventing them from causing significant damage to the walls of the fort.
Carbon dating is a method used to determine the age of organic materials by measuring the amount of carbon-14, a radioactive isotope of carbon, remaining in a sample. Carbon-14 is continuously formed in the atmosphere by the action of cosmic rays on nitrogen atoms. When an organism dies, it stops taking in carbon-14, and the carbon-14 present in the organism's body begins to decay at a known rate. By measuring the amount of carbon-14 remaining in a sample and comparing it to the known decay rate, scientists can estimate the age of the sample. Carbon dating can be used to determine the age of materials that are up to about 60,000 years old.
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