Answer: Improved mathematics, specifically the development of trigonometry, allowed sailors to determine their distance from shores by measuring the angles of landmarks such as lighthouses and mountains from the ship's deck. These angles, along with the distance of the ship from the landmark, could then be used to calculate the ship's position using triangulation. This method, known as "dead reckoning," greatly improved navigational accuracy and safety for sailors. Additionally, the invention of the marine chronometer in the 18th century, which used precise timekeeping to determine longitude, further improved navigational accuracy for sailors.
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