The technique in the execution phase of the NIST SP 800-115 standard that identifies communication paths and facilitates the determination of network architectures is Network Mapping.
Network mapping is the process of discovering and documenting the network infrastructure, including devices, communication paths, and network topology. This helps to identify the communication paths and facilitates the determination of network architectures, which is essential for vulnerability assessment, incident response, and security management. Network mapping can be performed manually or using automated tools, such as network scanners or discovery tools.
The NIST SP 800-115 standard provides guidelines for the technical testing of the security controls in an information system. It is divided into four phases: preparation, testing, reporting and assessment. The execution phase is the second one, it's where the actual technical testing takes place.