Deductive, inductive and abductive.
Deductive: like transitive property in math. x is y, y is z, so x is z.
Inductive: based off of repeating patterns to infer the future. So if 2x + 3 is 6, and 2x + 4 is 8, then you may start to assume that 2x + 5 is 10, 2x + 6 is 12, etc. That's inductive reasoning. So this would be the one that leads to a conclusion - inductive.
Abductive reasoning: an incomplete set and you try to do your best with what you have. If you're missing a number, like yx + 4 = z, you try to do your best to assume that yx = z - 4. That's abductive reasoning, sort of.
Sorry for these bad examples, but hope it helps!