Explanation:
as always with % calculations :
first find what is 100% or 1%. everything else can be calculated from that.
in our case, we got 100% = 18.
therefore, 1% = 100%/100 = 18/100 = 0.18
how many % are 4 students ?
as many as the times 1% (0.18) fits into 4 :
4 / 0.18 = 22.22222222... %
so,
22.22222222... %
of the students passed.
therefore,
100 - 22.22222222... = 77.77777777... %
of the students did not pass.