c. for each image captured using a digital camera, a tonal inversion of a positive image is created, in which light appears dark, and dark appears light.
This statement is not true because digital cameras do not create a tonal inversion of a positive image. A positive image is the normal representation of an image where the colors and tones appear as they do in real life. In digital photography, the charge-coupling device (CCD) or complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) sensor in the camera records light and converts it into digital data that is stored as pixels. The image is not inverted in any way.
A is true, digital photography allows artists to manipulate images and create images or scenes that may never have existed. B is true, digital photography is a process in which there is no film. D is true, with digital photography, the charge-coupling device is exposing light to thousands of little dots that record the light into pixels.