Answer:
4.64
Explanation:
You want an estimate of the quotient 21.4/4.6.
Estimate
Multiplication and division by 5 are simplified by the relation ...
5 = 10/2
Here, the denominator is about 5, so the quotient is about ...
21.4 × 2/10 = 42.8/10 = 4.28 ≈ 4.3 . . . . . a first estimate; known to be low
Error correction
We notice that 4.6 is 0.4 less than 5, which is 0.8/10 = 0.08, or 8% less. That means the actual quotient will be on the order of 8% more than 4.3.
A closer estimate would be ...
4.3 + 0.08 · 4.3 = 4.3 +0.344 ≈ 4.64
An estimate of the quotient is 4.64.
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Additional comment
To compute our "error correction," we rounded 4.28 up to 4.3, about 2 parts in 400, making that number (4.3) be about 0.5% high. The estimate of 1/0.92 ≈ 1.08 turns out to be about 0.7% low. This means an even better estimate would add 0.2%, or about 0.009, to the estimate we have, making it about 4.653. These second-order corrections are also slightly off. The actual quotient rounds to 4.652.
Doubling a number is so easy that we elected to keep all of the digits of the numerator when we did the division by 5. This gave a more satisfying 4.3 instead of 4 as the first estimate.