Final answer:
The 'syn-' in ATP synthase denotes its synthesizing role in generating ATP by utilizing a proton gradient, where protons flow through ATP synthase in a process called chemiosmosis, catalyzing the transformation of ADP and Pi into ATP.
Step-by-step explanation:
The use of syn- in ATP synthase refers to the synthesis function of this enzyme within cellular respiration. ATP synthase is a complex, membrane-embedded protein complex responsible for the generation of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). It operates by harnessing the electrochemical potential energy from a gradient of protons (H+). This gradient is created by the action of electron transport chains within cellular structures such as mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Protons are pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix, creating a high concentration gradient. They then flow back into the matrix through ATP synthase, akin to water flowing through a turbine, generating energy. In photosynthetic cells, this process occurs in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplasts. ATP synthase catalyzes the condensation of ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) into ATP in a process known as oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria or photophosphorylation in chloroplasts.
It takes approximately three to four protons to synthesize one molecule of ATP through this mechanism. The process of protons moving through ATP synthase to generate ATP is termed chemiosmosis. For their in-depth understanding of the mechanisms of ATP synthase, Paul D. Boyer and John E. Walker received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1997.