The only incorrect answer is d. within very short spans of time.
In his Theory of Evolution, Darwin noted three patterns of biodiversity:
1. Species vary globally - different, but ecologically similar animal species inhabit separate habitats around the Globe, but again, these habitats are ecologically similar.
2. Species vary locally - different animal species that are related to each other, may occupy different habitats in an area not so far away.
3. Species vary over time - some traits become more common, other less common.