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Which geographic feature served as a barrier to political unity and encouraged the rise of independent city-states in ancient Greece?

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Possibly the major geographic feature that served as a barrier to political unity in Greece were the mountains: the Greek cities were placed in valleys between the mountains.

A second feature would the the peninsulas and the islands: for example Crete is an island and this also helped in separating it from the other Greek towns.
User ThitSarNL
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