Question

PLEASE PLEASE HELP ME ON THESE 4 PROBLEMS!!!!!

1.Some atoms are exceptions to the octet rule by having an expanded octet. Which characteristic is needed for an atom to have an expanded octet?
The atom has empty d-orbitals.
The atom has more than eight valence electrons before bonding.
The atom has empty p-orbitals.
The atom has fewer than eight valence electrons after bonding.
2. Which statement describes the valence electrons in ionic bonds?
They are shared equally between two atoms.
They are shared unequally between two atoms.
They are shared among many atoms.
They are transferred from one atom to another.
3. Which of the following metal atoms would have the highest conductivity?
the atom with the smallest radius and the fewest valence electrons
the atom with the smallest radius and the most valence electrons
the atom with the largest radius and the fewest valence electrons
the atom with the largest radius and the most valence electrons
4. How is electronegativity related to covalent bonding?
Atoms must have similar electronegativities in order to share electrons in a covalent bond.
Atoms must have very different electronegativities in order to transfer electrons in a covalent bond.
Atoms must have similar electronegativities in order to transfer electrons in a covalent bond.
Atoms must have very different electronegativities in order to share electrons in a covalent bond.

Answer 1

The octet rule is used in chemistry that states that the number of electrons involved in any bond should be a total of 8 electrons. The answer that applies in 1. is B. In ionic bonds in 2, the electrons are transferred, that is D. In 3, conductivity increases with decreasing radius and having the most valence electrons. In 4, the answer that is applicable is D where in covalent bond, the electrons are shared.

Answer 2

Answer 1) Option B) The atom has more than eight valence electrons before bonding.

Explanation: The octet rule states that atoms of main-group elements tends to get combined in such a way that each atom has eight electrons in its valence shell, which gives it the same electron configuration as that of a noble gas.

There are some exceptions made for the octet rule out of which one is when the atom has has more than eight valence electrons before bonding. This is an exception because it already has the valence electrons in its valence shell.

Answer 2) Option D) They are transferred from one atom to another.

Explanation : In ionic bonds the valence electrons are transferred from one atom to another. These ionic bonds are very strong in nature. These usually occurs between two ions of opposite charges. When one atom gives up one or more electrons from its valence shell to another atom the bond formation occurs. These ionic bonds can be formed between a pair of atoms or between molecules and are the one of the major types of bond found in salts.

Answer 3) Option B) the atom with the smallest radius and the most valence electrons

Explanation : The conductivity increases when it has the smallest radius and most of the valence electrons are available for conduction. Often, in metals, electrical conductivity is observed due to the motion of electrons and this increases with the increase in the electrons available for conduction, then electrical conductivity increases. The radius also should be small.

Answer 4) Option D) Atoms must have very different electro negativities in order to share electrons in a covalent bond.

Explanation : The ability of an atom to attract electrons in a chemical bond from other atom is called the electronegativity of the atom. This electronegativity of an atom is related to its electron affinity and ionization energy of the atom. Atoms of elements with similar electronegativity are observed to form covalent bonds, because of difference in their electro-negativities they are able to share the electrons and form covalent bonds.