Polarity (Polar Molecule): It means the molecule carries a charge, which can be positive or negative. For example, water is a polar molecule. It has a partial negative charge on its oxygen side, while a partial positive charge on its two hydrogen sides.
Hydrogen Bonds: This is a type of attraction between molecules where one molecule has partially positively-charged hydrogen is connected to a molecule with an electronegative atom.
Cohesion: It is the attraction force between like substances. An example is water molecules getting frozen together without breaking their bond to one another.
Adhesion: It is the attraction force between two different substances. Like how water interacts on the walls of the xylem.
Hypertonic: It is a solution with high solute concentrations. A cell exposed to a hypertonic solution will shrink. The cell loses water.
Tonicity: It is the ability of a solution to cause a cell to either swell (gain water) or shrink (lose water).
Hypotonic: It is a solution with low solute concentrations. A cell exposed to a hypotonic solution will swell. The cell gains too much water.
Isotonic: It is a solution with an equal amount of solute and water concentration. A cell will have no change.
Phagocytosis: The cell engulfs large molecules and forms a vesicle to transfer the engulfed molecule.
Pinocytosis: The cell engulfs small molecules and also forms a vesicle to transfer the engulfed molecule.
Diffusion: It is a movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without spending energy. It also achieves a state of equilibrium. In a cell, there are molecules that just pass through the membrane.
Facilitated Diffusion: Compared to simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion aids the molecule going into the cell via channel proteins or carrier proteins. It also does not spend energy.
Osmosis: It is a diffusion of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane. It is a movement of water from an area of low solute concentration to an area with a high solute concentration. It also does not spend energy.