Final answer:
Arab Muslims and Jews are the two ethnic groups that populate Israel.
Step-by-step explanation:
The two ethnic groups that populate Israel are Arab Muslims and Jews. Prior to the establishment of Israel in 1948, the region was known as Palestine and the majority of the population consisted of Palestinians who were mainly Arab Muslims, Samaritans, Bedouins, and Jews. After Israel was established, Jews from various parts of the world, including Jewish refugees, migrated to Israel and became the majority population.