1. The book ON THE TABLE belongs to me - adjective phrase, since it is a group of words that describe the noun book.
2. Did you drive TO THE GROCERY STORE today? - adverb phrase, since it is functioning as an adverb, modifying the verb drive.
3. Ms. Reyes, MY ENGLISH TEACHER, is fluent in Spanish and French - appositive phrase, since it is a noun phrase that identifies the previous noun, Ms. Reyes, and describes it in another way.