1. premeditated murder & treason.
2. drug trafficking & identity theft.
3. jails are for those who's sentences are short term, usually run by local law enforcement. prisons are for people with long term sentences, normally run by state or federal government.
4. in short, probation usually includes someone reporting to a probation officer periodically, fees are sometimes required, they might have to obey curfews. parole happens upon an inmates release. It may require one to participate in a rehabilitation program, something that may help them slowly get used to being in society again. They may have to report to a parole officer, and fines may be part of their conditions.
5. I answered another one of your questions for this one. You should see it in your notifications.