Dimensional analysis is a method of checking the dimensions of each value in an equation. I will give you an example.

Is a know equation which equates energy and mass. So our question is, is this true or not? The method is following:
knowing that c has the dimension of [m/s] and m has [kg], what is the dimension of E? So here the dimensional analysis begins.

This can be used also to solve "equations" to prove certain dimensions of unknown constants.