Final answer:
Paulo's time in standard notation is 15,600 seconds. When compared to Miguel's time of 15,360 seconds, Miguel completed the marathon in a shorter amount of time.
Step-by-step explanation:
To convert Paulo's marathon time from scientific to standard notation, you simply multiply the base by 10 raised to the exponent. Thus, 1.56 x 104 seconds in standard notation is 15,600 seconds.
To compare his time to Miguel’s, we first need to convert Miguel's time from hours and minutes to seconds. Miguel ran for 4 hours and 16 minutes which is 4 x 3600 seconds for the hours and 16 x 60 seconds for the minutes. Adding them up, Miguel’s time in seconds is 15,360 seconds (14,400 from hours + 960 from minutes).
Comparing the two times, Paulo's 15,600 seconds is more than Miguel's 15,360 seconds. Therefore, Miguel ran the marathon in a shorter amount of time.