Final answer:
Gravitational pull is determined by the mass of objects. The gravitational force is the product of the masses involved and inversely proportional to the square of their separation. Volume and temperature are not direct factors, and the acceleration due to gravity is also influenced by the gravitational constant.
Step-by-step explanation:
Gravitational pull is determined by mass. The gravitational force between two objects is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. This relationship is known as Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation. Volume does not directly determine gravitational pull; however, for a given object, an increase in volume without a change in mass would mean a decrease in density, which could indirectly affect the gravitational attraction if it leads to a change in distribution of mass.
The acceleration due to gravity is a constant that varies depending on the location in the universe due to the mass of the celestial body and is represented as 'g' on Earth. The gravity that an object experiences due to the sun is indeed a result of the sun’s massive size, but it's the sun’s mass — not its volume or temperature — that dictates the strength of its gravitational pull.
Additionally, gravitational acceleration is influenced by a gravitational constant, which is the same throughout the universe, and this helps us calculate the acceleration due to gravity on different celestial bodies like the surface of the Sun or the Moon.
In the context of galaxies, the force responsible for their structure is gravity. This is also the primary force that causes the tides on Earth, which are predominantly due to the Moon despite the Sun's greater mass because the Moon is much closer to Earth.