Final answer:
Escher created space by including all the aspects like varying object sizes, curving forms, and focusing on a primary point. Renaissance artists used linear and atmospheric perspectives to create illusions of depth. Modern artists continue to explore spatial concepts, using shifting perspectives and reflections.
Step-by-step explanation:
In order to create space, Escher created space by (d) including all of the above aspects, such as varying the sizes of the objects to create an illusion of depth, curving the forms of certain objects to create a three-dimensional effect, and leading the eye to a primary focal point. The practice of creating a convincing illusion of space has been prevalent since the Italian Renaissance, when artists began to deliberately work to create convincing illusions of depth in two-dimensional media. This involved innovations such as linear perspective, which uses a horizon line and vanishing points to give the impression of depth receding into the distance, and atmospheric perspective that uses color and clarity to suggest spatial distance.
It is also important to note that not all cultures adopted linear perspective. Many Eastern cultures continued to use flatter pictorial space, relying on overlapping shapes or size differences in forms to indicate depth. However, Renaissance artists like Filippo Brunelleschi and Michelangelo used linear perspective and foreshortening to create striking illusions of three-dimensional space on two-dimensional surfaces.
Modern artists such as Henri Matisse and Olafur Eliasson have continued to explore these concepts of space, often incorporating shifting perspectives and reflections to create dynamic and immersive experiences that challenge the viewers' perceptual boundaries. Through their innovative approaches, they prompt viewers to question linearity and their own perspectives.