Sampling bias means that the samples of a stochastic variable that are collected to determine its distribution are selected incorrectly and do not represent the true distribution because of non-random reasons.
Non-response (or late-response) bias occurs when non-responders from a sample differ in a meaningful way to responders (or early responders). This bias is common in descriptive, analytic, and experimental research and it has been demonstrated to be a serious concern in survey studies.
Response bias (also called survey bias) is the tendency of a person to answer questions on a survey untruthfully or misleadingly. For example, they may feel pressure to give answers that are socially acceptable. The respondent may not be aware that they aren’t answering the questions in the way the researcher intended
Measurement bias refers to any systematic or non-random error that occurs in the collection of data in a study. Another broad term for this type of bias is “detection bias”.
In some cases, the differential in observations might be because of an unseen confounder. More commonly, measurement bias arises from a lack of blinding.
Therefore,
The final answer to the question is OPTION D