The specific type of bond formation that takes place in sodium chloride is an ionic bond. The essence of how the bond eventually forms is mentioned in the question. After sodium donates it's one valence electron to chlorine, chlorine becomes negatively charged atom known as an anion while the sodium atom becomes a positively charged cation. The electrostatic attraction Between the 2 oppositely charged ions forms an ionic bond, resulting in a ionic lattice type of structure in sodium chloride.