Final answer:
Major political theories like Marxism, Burkeanism, and religious extremism offer diverse perspectives on governance and society. They challenge traditional political ideology frameworks, whether through social science, skepticism of abstractions, or divine revelation. Economic theory, while not a political ideology, is also applied across political viewpoints.
Step-by-step explanation:
Major political theories often have clear stances and foundations in philosophy, social science, or even religious texts. For instance, Marxists base their ideas on social science findings rather than abstract philosophies, focusing on the material conditions of society. Philosophers like Edmund Burke and Michael Oakeshott challenge the concrete application of ideologically driven policies, advocating for more organic and traditional forms of societal evolution, which has become known as Burkeanism. On the other side of the spectrum, religious extremists may reject political theorizing altogether, claiming divine revelation provides a complete societal blueprint that supersedes human reasoning. Additionally, eminent political philosophers, such as John Rawls, offer comprehensive theories of justice that deeply influence political thought and practice. Rawls suggests a theoretical 'veil of ignorance' when conceptualizing rights and resource allocation to ensure fairness. Similarly, economic theory makes no explicit political ideologies but serves as a way to order ideas and pose questions, applicable across various political spectrums. Each of these stances in their respective ways rejects the common framework of political ideology.