In a redox reaction, the half reduction which reduction occurs involves the element which has a charge that decreases after the reaction. The oxidation reaction involves an element with an increased charge after the reaction. We use H+ to balance H and H2O to balance O.
1) oxidation: 2H2 + 2H2O -> 2H2O + 4H+ + 4e- reduction: O2 + 4H+ + 4e- -> 2H2O
2) oxidation: 2Cl- --> Cl2 + 2e- reduction: MnO2 + 4H+ + 2e- --> Mn2+ + 2H2O
3) oxidation: S(s) + 3H2O --> SO3(g) + 6H+ + 6e- reduction: 6NO3^- + 6H+ + 6e- --> 6NO2 + 6H2O