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What helped the Umayyad caliphs to expand their empire?

The Byzantine and Persian empires were weak.
They formed an alliance with the Franks.
They used gunpowder to conquer their rivals.
The Shiites and Sunnis put aside their differences.

1 Answer

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Umayyad Caliphs managed to expand their empire because the Byzantine and Persian empires were weak.
User Zeev G
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