Final answer:
All of the phenomena listed, including changes in marine life, heavy rains, and droughts in South America, are associated with El Niño, a significant climate event that affects weather patterns globally.
Step-by-step explanation:
El Niño is a complex weather pattern that emerges from variations in ocean temperatures in the Equatorial Pacific. It is known for having a significant impact on global weather, influencing systems in both the atmosphere and the ocean. The phenomena associated with El Niño include fish that thrive in cold Pacific waters being driven away, areas that normally experience dry conditions receiving heavy rains or floods, and droughts that affect certain regions in South America. Therefore, the statement 'all of the above are associated with El Niño' is correct.
The event can profoundly affect marine ecosystems, as the warmer water disrupts the normal nutrient flows, which has consequences for marine life, particularly species accustomed to colder temperatures. On land, it can result in extreme weather such as excessive rainfall in some areas, leading to flooding, and drought in others, with subsequent economic impacts on agriculture and fishing industries.