d. Totalitarian regimes were taking over in several nations.
Spain, Italy, and Germany all fell to fascist governments while Russia came under the leadership of a totalitarian communist government under Josef Stalin.
The 1920s and 1930s saw economic decline due to World War I and the Treaty of Versailles. Those on the losing side found devastated and demoralized. The extreme nationalism of these totalitarian regimes restored pride in wartorn countries. Soon the nationalism turned to militarism and conquest of lands taken by other powers.