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the Indian Ocean on 26 December 2004. This event claimed 227,898 dead and missing from 14 countries. The difference in mortality rates between these tsunamis reflects, in part, the benefits of understanding how tsunami waves are generated and move, and educating citizens to make scientifically
sound and potentially life-saving decisions.
A tsunami is a series of rapidly propagating, shallow-water ocean waves that develops when a submarine earthquake, landslide, or volcanic eruption displaces a large volume of water. Powerful earthquakes, with magnitudes of 9 or greater, caused both the 2004 and 2011 tsunamis. The earthquakes resulted from the movement of large tectonic plates. The 11 March 2011 earthquake occurred at 32 km (20
mi.) deep in Earth’s crust about 130 km (81 mi.) east of the city of Sendai. This location is on the boundary between two tectonic plates—the Pacific plate to the east and North American plate to the west. This
boundary fractured, releasing energy that was transmitted through the rocks and elevated portions of the
ocean floor. This drastic movement transmitted energy to the overlying ocean water, which generated
tsunami waves that radiated outward. The waves washed over the nearby coastlines and were felt around
the globe within hours (Figure 1.1).
Step-by-step explanation: