Final answer:
The respiratory system becomes mature in the third trimester, with critical development occurring from week 24 until birth, enabling sufficient alveolar maturation by week 28 for premature breathing.
Step-by-step explanation:
The respiratory system becomes mature in the third trimester of pregnancy. Development of the respiratory system starts as early as 4 weeks of gestation with major growth and maturation happening from week 24 until term. By week 28, the alveoli have developed enough that a baby, if born prematurely, can typically breathe on their own. However, the respiratory system is not fully developed until early childhood, as a full complement of mature alveoli is present by around 8 years of age.