Question

People who get angry easily tend to have more heart disease. that's the conclusion of a study that followed a random sample of 12,986 people from three locations for about four years. all subjects were free of heart disease at the beginning of the study. the subjects took the spielberger trait anger scale test, which measures how prone a person is to sudden anger. here are data for the 8474 people in the sample who had normal blood pressure. chd stands for "coronary heart disease." this includes people who had heart attacks and those who needed medical treatment for heart disease.

Answer 1

Anger and hostility are significant psychological risk factors for heart disease, and negative emotional states including negative affectivity and depression are also linked with cardiovascular problems. Long-term studies and meta-analyses have confirmed these associations, indicating the importance of combined negative emotions in predicting heart disease more effectively than individual factors.

Step-by-step explanation:

Extensive research suggests that anger and hostility are significant risk factors for the development of heart disease. This connection was notably highlighted in the study by Haynes et al. (1980), where suppressed hostility was associated with an elevated risk of heart disease. Studies tracking individuals over the years have consistently found that those showing higher levels of anger and hostility were substantially more likely to experience premature cardiovascular problems such as heart attacks and other heart conditions. Moreover, Friedman and Rosenman made a distinction between Type A behavior pattern, characterized by a high degree of hostility and anger, and Type B behavior pattern, and found that Type A individuals had a much higher prevalence of heart disease.

Furthermore, Chida and Steptoe's meta-analysis (2009) reinforced these findings, confirming that such negative emotional states are long-term risk factors for adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Negative affectivity, encompassing a spectrum of negative emotions, has also been connected with hypertension and heart disease, indicating that a broad range of negative emotions can impact cardiovascular health. Other psychological factors such as depression have also been shown to significantly predict the onset of heart disease, underlining the multifaceted nature of psychological risk factors.

Addressing the predictive power of psychological risk factors for heart disease involves recognizing the combined effects of anger, hostility, depression, and other negative psychological attributes, as they may provide a stronger indication of risk than isolated factors.

Answer 2

Sorry I could not figure it out.