Answer:
Bierce uses foreshadowing to allude to a surprise ending.
Step-by-step explanation:
As seen in the short story "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge", there are two mayor factors during the development of the story, which are options A (manipulation of chronological order) and D (flashbacks to help develop the character). The setting, which is mentioned in option B is reliant: the environment of the story is the Civil War, and this is why the conflict of the story starts, when the Federal Army arrives to the place where Payton Farquhar and his family live. Finally, even if the ending is surprising (the plot twist) there are no signs if foreshadowing across the story, just the speaker manipulating chronological events to get the desired effect.