Poppy co. uses a periodic inventory system. Beginning inventory on January one was understated by $30,000, and its ending inventory on December thirty-one was understated by $17,000. A purchase of merchandise costing $20,000 was incorrectly recorded as a $2,000 purchase. None of these errors were discovered until the next year. As a result, Prunedale's cost of goods sold for this year was: Understated by $31,000.